guest@cp-base:~/home/data-structures$
templates/binary-trie.cpp
compilable
$cat templates/binary-trie

Binary Trie

Trie on bit representation of integers — supports insert, erase, and XOR maximum query.

#binary-trie#xor#bit#trie#maximum-xor
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#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

const int LOG = 30;

struct BinaryTrie {
    struct Node {
        int ch[2];
        int freq;
    };

    vector<Node> t;

    BinaryTrie() { t.push_back({{0, 0}, 0}); }

    int newNode() { t.push_back({{0, 0}, 0}); return t.size() - 1; }

    void insert(int x) {
        int cur = 0;
        for (int b = LOG; b >= 0; b--) {
            int bit = (x >> b) & 1;
            if (!t[cur].ch[bit]) t[cur].ch[bit] = newNode();
            cur = t[cur].ch[bit];
            t[cur].freq++;
        }
    }

    void erase(int x) {
        if (!search(x)) return;
        int cur = 0;
        for (int b = LOG; b >= 0; b--) {
            int bit = (x >> b) & 1;
            int nxt = t[cur].ch[bit];
            t[nxt].freq--;
            if (t[nxt].freq == 0) { t[cur].ch[bit] = 0; return; }
            cur = nxt;
        }
    }

    bool search(int x) {
        int cur = 0;
        for (int b = LOG; b >= 0; b--) {
            int bit = (x >> b) & 1;
            if (!t[cur].ch[bit]) return false;
            cur = t[cur].ch[bit];
        }
        return true;
    }

    int maxXor(int x) {
        int cur = 0, res = 0;
        for (int b = LOG; b >= 0; b--) {
            int want = ((x >> b) & 1) ^ 1;
            if (t[cur].ch[want]) { res |= (1 << b); cur = t[cur].ch[want]; }
            else cur = t[cur].ch[want ^ 1];
        }
        return res;
    }
};
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$cat explanation_notes.md
notes_viewer --renderedmarkdown (math enabled)

Binary Trie

Stores integers as bit strings of fixed length BB. Each node has two children (bit 0 and bit 1), traversed from MSB to LSB.

Operations

  • insert(x) — add integer xx

  • erase(x) — remove one occurrence of xx

  • search(x) — check if xx exists

  • maxXor(x) — find element in trie that maximizes xvalx \oplus \text{val}
  • XOR Maximization

    Greedily pick the opposite bit at each level. If the opposite child exists, take it (sets that bit in the XOR result). Otherwise, follow the same bit.

    When to Use

  • Maximum XOR of two numbers from a set

  • XOR basis problems

  • Persistent variant for range XOR queries
  • Notes

  • LOG = 30 for int, use LOG = 62 for long long
  • Complexity

  • All operations — O(B)O(B) where BB is the bit length

  • Space — O(nB)O(n \cdot B)